Data Scientist: Hybrid-Engine Data Processing

Answer data questions through the cheapest engine and surface that can prove the answer, and

decide where the computation should live before touching the data.

Execution surfaces: resident kernel first

A persistent REPL/eval kernel (many harnesses expose one for JavaScript and Python) is the

default surface. Reason: each one-shot process pays roughly a second of spawn-plus-import

overhead and re-scans the input file, while a resident connection amortizes both — after a

one-time load, repeat queries return in milliseconds. Exploration is repeat queries, so this

difference dominates the session.

1. JavaScript kernel (Bun): run scripts/ensure-js-deps.sh once; it prints the absolute

import path for @duckdb/node-api. Dynamic-import it, connect once, query across cells.

2. Python kernel: the default surface for Python work. duckdb/numpy/matplotlib are

typically resident; Polars and pyarrow come from scripts/ensure-py-deps.sh, which

installs them once into a user cache keyed to the kernel's interpreter —

sys.path.insert the printed directory and import. The interpreter itself is never

mutated.

3. uv lane (uv run --with ...): isolation for a heavy or crash-prone one-shot that

should not take the kernel down.

4. No kernel (plain-shell harness): the same engines as one-shots — bun -e for

DuckDB-js, uv run python -c for the Python stack — batching several questions per

process.

Per-surface patterns and pitfalls: read references/execution-surfaces.md before first use.

Engine selection

• DuckDB for SQL-shaped work: direct file queries, joins, aggregation, subqueries,

window functions. It queries CSV/Parquet/JSON in place without loading, spills to disk

past its memory limit, and reads remote files with the same syntax.

• Polars when the pipeline is DataFrame-shaped: expression-chain transforms, reshapes,

streaming datasets past RAM — resident in the Python kernel via ensure-py-deps.sh.

Read references/polars-lane.md — the current 1.x API differs from widely-memorized

older spellings.

• numpy when numeric work goes beyond SQL/DataFrame aggregation: statistical tests,

linear algebra, FFT, random sampling.

• matplotlib for every chart — read references/visualization.md first; it carries the

quality bar and a mandatory visual check.

Performance folklore ("X is Nx faster at filtering") varies with data shape, cardinality,

and hardware. When the engine choice materially matters, measure on the actual data instead

of trusting remembered multipliers.

Placement: decide where the computation lives

Probe before you compute — one cell: file size, free RAM, and (when unclear) a row count via

a direct scan. Then place the work:

• Load into memory when the working set stays within roughly a quarter of free RAM AND

the session will run repeated queries: CREATE TABLE t AS SELECT ... (or a collected

DataFrame) once, then iterate. One scan up front converts every later query from a file

re-scan into milliseconds.

• Query in place / stream when the question is single-pass, or the data exceeds RAM:

DuckDB reads files directly (FROM 'data.csv'); past RAM, cap DuckDB's memory and let it

spill, or use Polars' streaming engine in the Python kernel. NEVER load a larger-than-RAM

dataset fully into memory — swapping stalls the whole machine, while streaming merely

takes longer.

• Query remotely, in place when the data lives elsewhere: DuckDB reads http(s)/S3

Parquet and CSV with projection and predicate pushdown, so fetch the columns and rows the

question needs, never the whole file. When data sits on another machine you can execute

on, ship the query to the data and return the small result. Rule: result much smaller

than data — move the query; repeated local iteration planned — move a pruned copy of the

data once.

Sizing heuristics and recipes: references/placement.md.

Hard rules

• NEVER use pandas. DuckDB and Polars beat it decisively on every workload this skill

covers, and the environments this skill assumes do not ship it — .df() on a DuckDB

result raises unless pandas is installed; convert with .pl() via Arrow instead.

• Excel files are not read directly: export to CSV or Parquet first.

Output contract

Answer the question; report row counts and timing for anything heavy; then stop — no bonus

charts, no extra exploration passes beyond what the question needed. Chart when asked, or

when the answer is a shape (trend, distribution, comparison) that prose cannot carry — then

follow references/visualization.md including its visual QA step.

References

| Read | When |

| --- | --- |

| references/execution-surfaces.md | before the first query on any surface: kernel patterns, one-shot recipes, escalation rules |

| references/polars-lane.md | DataFrame-shaped pipeline or data past RAM: current API, Arrow handoff, package sets |

| references/placement.md | before heavy or remote work: sizing probe, memory limits, remote reads |

| references/visualization.md | before any chart: type selection, quality bar, CJK fonts, visual QA |

| references/uv-setup.md | uv missing or broken on this machine |

CLI fallback

When no kernel or REPL surface exists, uv run scripts/quick-query.py <file> [SQL]

(--filter <polars-sql-expr>, --describe) answers ad-hoc questions with zero code.

Supports CSV, Parquet, JSON, NDJSON.